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Lucid Dreaming related research papers

These are the results of a PsychLit search using the keywords "lucid" and "dream".

TI: The relationship between field independence and lucid dreaming ability.
AU: Gackenbach,-Jayne; Heilman,-Nancy; Boyt,-Sheila; LaBerge,-Stephen
IN: U Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls
JN: Journal-of-Mental-Imagery; 1985 Spr Vol 9(1) 9-20
AB: Investigated the relationship between field independence and lucid dreaming ability in 3 studies over a 5-yr period with 278 Ss. It was hypothesized that field independence would be more characteristic of Ss who were able to recognize that they were dreaming while still in the dream (i.e., lucid dreamers), than of those who did not possess this ability. The following measures of field independence were utilized: the Group Embedded Figures Test, Embedded Figures Test, and Rod and Frame Test. Results indicate that frequent lucid dreaming ability was associated with field independence, while field dependence was associated with Ss who reported having never or having infrequently dreamt lucidly. (30 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 73-26372

TI:The link between the out-of-body experience and proneness to lucid dreams: A meta-analysis.
AU: Irwin,-Harvey-J.
IN: U New England, Armidale, Australia
JN: PSI-Research; 1985 Jun Vol 4(2) 24-31
AB: Discusses the relationship between proneness to lucid dreams and the occurrence of out-of-body experiences (OBEs). The earliest evidence of such a relationship is found in assertions by certain OBE adepts that there is a functional connection between lucid dreams and OBEs. Surveys are reviewed that show a statistical dependence between OBEs and lucid dreams. A meta-analysis of the 14 survey results indicated a very high overall significance level of the data. Further research on this association should focus on psychological and/or neurophysiological traits that may contribute both to openness to an OBE and to proneness to dream lucidity. (24 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 73-26091

TI: A survey of considerations for inducing conscious awareness of dreaming while dreaming.
AU: Gackenbach,-Jayne-I.
IN: U Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls
JN: Imagination,-Cognition-and-Personality; 1985-86 Vol 5(1) 41-55
AB: Discusses considerations to be taken by the potential lucid dream researcher or lucid dreamer when attempting to increase the frequency of dreaming lucidly (i.e., consciousness awareness of dreaming while the dream is ongoing). Intentional techniques and unintentional considerations, including situations and individual propensities, for inducing lucidity prior to falling asleep and internal and external cues involved in lucidity induction during sleep are discussed. It is concluded that methods showing promise include the administration of external cues, presleep reflection, and asking the critical question (i.e., "Is this a dream?") during sleep. Individual proclivities, including field independence and situational events, such as waking stress, have also been shown to predict lucidity. It is suggested that these factors should be considered in S or client selection. (81 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 73-23644

TI: Haben Traumgestalten ein eigenes Bewusstsein? Eine experimentellphanomenologische Klartaumstudie.
(Do dream figures have a consciousness of their own? An experimental-phenomenological study of lucid dreaming.)

AU: Tholey,-Paul
IN: Technische U Carolo Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Inst fur Sportwissenschaft, West Germany
JN: Gestalt-Theory; 1985 Mar Vol 7(1) 29-46
AB: Attributes consciousness to dream figures, using phenomenological and epistemological explanations by K. Duncker (1947), and discusses how this consciousness can be examined empirically. A series of experiments investigated which cognitive accomplishments dream figures are capable of. Nine experienced lucid dreamers were directed to assign tasks to dream figures that they met during lucid dreaming. Dream figures were asked (1) to draw or write something, (2) to name words unknown to the dream ego, (3) to rhyme, and (4) to solve simple arithmetic problems. Some of the dream figures agreed to perform the tasks and were successful. However, arithmetic accomplishments were poor. It is concluded that findings do not contradict the assumption that dream figures have consciousness and that in lucid dream therapy, communication with dream figures should be handled as if the dream figures were rational beings. (29 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1986 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 73-05524

TI: Birth and the OBE: An unhelpful analogy.
AU: Blackmore,-Susan-J.
IN: U Bristol Medical School, Brain & Perception Lab, England
JN: Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research; 1983 Jul Vol 77(3) 229-238
AB: B. Honegger (1983) has suggested that out-of-body experiences (OBEs) are lucid dreams in which the specific imagery is due to a fetal OBE occurring during birth. This leads to the prediction that people born by Caesarean section should be less likely to have OBEs. A questionnaire on dreams, OBEs, and type of birth was completed by 254 Ss (mean age 35.3 yrs). Honegger's hypothesis was not supported. OBEs and lucid dreams were significantly associated with each other and with having hypnagogic imagery, falling dreams, false awakenings, and the ability to control dreams. Findings suggest that some factor involved in the ability to control one's pleasant dreams may also aid in having lucid dreams and OBEs. (18 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 72-18915

TI: Lucid, prelucid, and nonlucid dreams related to the amount of EEG alpha activity during REM sleep.
AU: Tyson,-Paul-D.; Ogilvie,-Robert-D.; Hunt,-Harry-T.
IN: Brock U, St Catharines, Canada
JN: Psychophysiology; 1984 Jul Vol 21(4) 442-451
AB: Alpha activity during REM sleep without signs of awakening can discriminate between the blind classification of prelucid, lucid, and nonlucid dreams. 10 good dream recallers (aged 19-31 yrs) were aroused after relatively high or low amplitude REM alpha. The spectral and temporal characteristics of EEG alpha within each REM period were associated with lucidity and other content dimensions. Each type of dream had a reasonably distinct pattern of REM alpha. High amplitude alpha was found to be associated with prelucid dreams and bizarre content, which is consistent with theories of waking alpha activity and the hypothesis that lucidity sometimes emerges from prelucid experiences. Data are also consistent with the idea that lucidity is a viable dream content dimension. When interpreted in terms of systems theory, results imply that training that emphasizes dream content control may constrain the potential information integration function of lucid dreams. (47 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 72-11505

TI: Lucid dreams: The content of conscious awareness of dreaming during the dream.
AU: Gackenbach,-Jayne; Schillig,-Barbara
IN: U Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls
JN: Journal-of-Mental-Imagery; 1983 Fal Vol 7(2) 1-13
AB: Investigated the hypothesis that lucid dreams would be recalled as more emotionally arousing than nonlucid dreams. Adults ( n = 181) were recontacted after having participated in a month-long, day-by-day dream recording project and asked to provide additional information about their lucid dreams, that is, awareness of the dream while still in the dream. Two data sources, daily dream tally sheets and the Lucid Dreaming Questionnaire, were then factor analyzed. Several MANOVAs were also computed to determine possible structural and contextual differences between lucid dreams and 2 types of nonlucid dreams, namely, vivid and ordinary. Lucid dreams were found to be structurally distinct phenomena from vivid or ordinary dreams and were primarily characterized by a sense of control and balance. Regarding content differences between these dreams, it is concluded that lucid dreams are more perceptual, emotional, and cognitive than their counterparts.(24 refs)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 72-08587

TI: A postal survey of OBEs and other experiences.
AU: Blackmore,-Susan-J.
IN: U Bristol Medical School, Brain & Perception Lab, England
JN: Journal-of-the-Society-for-Psychical-Research; 1984 Feb Vol 52(796) 225-244
AB: 321 persons randomly selected from an electoral register completed a questionnaire on dreams, hallucinations, body image distortions, psychic experiences and beliefs, mystical experiences, imagery, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs). 12% of the Ss reported OBEs, most of which occurred when Ss were resting but not asleep and lasted 1-5 min. 47% of the Ss reported lucid dreams and 28% flying dreams, the 2 being strongly associated. 19% claimed mystical experiences, usually only one in a lifetime. 45% claimed waking hallucinations and over half experiences like changing size, shaking or turning, floating sensations, or seeming to see with eyes closed. 25% had experienced telepathy, 36% believed in ESP, and 42% in survival. Implications of the strong association between many of the experiences for theories of the OBE are discussed. (25 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 72-08281

TI: Lucid dreaming: A review and experiential study of waking intrusions during stage REM sleep.
AU: Covello,-Edward
IN: Quotron Systems, Los Angeles, CA
JN: Journal-of-Mind-and-Behavior; 1984 Win Vol 5(1) 81-98
AB: Discusses the characteristics and significance of the lucid dream, an incongruous blend of self-conscious, waking cognitions, and kinematic dream imagery that occurs infrequently during REM sleep. The lucid dream bears a striking resemblance to waking reality but may contain instances of altered sensory functioning, violations of physical laws, and impairment in reasoning about the relation between the dream and waking worlds. Using documented lucid dreams from past sources and a set of his own lucid dreams and out-of-the-body experiences, the author examines the unique attributes of the lucid dream and how the dreamer's waking consciousness functions in a nonrealistic environment. Several types of dream control and ways of conceptualizing the nature of waking consciousness during a lucid dream are discussed. (27 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 72-03129

TI: Lucid dreaming: Correspondence between dreamed and actual events in one subject during REM sleep.
AU: Fenwick,-Peter; et-al
IN: St Thomas' Hosp, EEG Dept, London, England
JN: Biological-Psychology; 1984 Jun Vol 18(4) 243-267
AB: Conducted a series of experiments with a 43-yr-old male who had cultivated an ability to dream lucidly. During lucid dreams in REM sleep, conjugate tracking movements of the eyes and complex muscle activity in the fingers, toes, and distal limbs occurred. Some skeletal muscles displayed EMG bursts or actual movements that were apparently coincident with dreamed movements of the corresponding parts of the dream body. Findings indicate that lucid dream speech was linked to the actual respiratory cycle and that remembering, thinking, and counting could also occur. It is suggested that the use of trained lucid dreamers may provide a new means of investigating events in REM sleep. (10 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1985 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 72-00639

TI:Lucid dream induction.
AU: Hearne,-Keith-M.
IN: U Hull, England
JN: Journal-of-Mental-Imagery; 1983 Spr Vol 7(1) 19-23
AB: An experiment with 12 19-33 yr old females revealed that lucidity in dreams could be established in REM sleep by means of electrical stimulation to the wrist, linked with a presleep instruction to recognize the external stimulation as a lucid-state prompter. A portable dream machine was devised to detect REM sleep and automatically administer stimulation to the user for the purpose of "triggering" lucidity. (12 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 71-14410

TI: Techniques for inducing and manipulating lucid dreams.
AU: Tholey,-Paul
IN: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-U Frankfurt, Inst fur Psychologie, West Germany
JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1983 Aug Vol 57(1) 79-90
AB: The author's research with over 200 Ss indicates that lucidity can be achieved by practice in developing a critical-reflective frame of mind concerning one's state of consciousness, by intention and autosuggestion, and by methods involving apparatus. Various techniques of manipulation enable a lucid dreamer to influence, within certain limits, the events of the dream. The dreamer's desires, emotional state, looks, verbal utterances, and certain actions are all of importance. The dreamer can also call upon the aid of other dream figures in manipulating lucid dreams. (19 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 71-11454

TI: Relation between dream content and eye movements tested by lucid dreams.
AU: Tholey,-Paul
IN: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-U Frankfurt, West Germany
JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1983 Jun Vol 56(3) 875-878
AB: Five students were trained to induce lucid dreams through the author's (e.g., 1980) reflection technique, through which Ss can become aware that they are dreaming and feel themselves to have control of their intellectual and motivational abilities. Observation of 24 lucid dreams indicated that Ss were able to change their direction of looking in the prescribed manner and that looking movements in general had no other influence on dream events. Fixation on a stationary point in the dream imagery caused the Ss to awaken, and Ss were able to carry out and observe movements of their hands and fingers. Results allow rejection of hypotheses that certain brain centers produce a fixed pattern of eye movements and that there is a strict correlation between eye movements and the movements of visual objects in a dream. (11 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1984 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 71-03143

TI:Out-of-body experiences, lucid dreams, and imagery: Two surveys.
AU: Blackmore,-Susan-J.
IN: U Bristol Medical School, Brain & Perception Lab, England
JN: Journal-of-the-American-Society-for-Psychical-Research; 1982 Oct Vol 76(4 301-317
AB: In Study 1, 13% of the 217 (university students) Ss reported having had at least 1 out-of-body experience (OBE), and 79% reported having had lucid dreams. In Study 2, 14% of the 115 Ss reported OBEs, and 73% reported having had lucid dreams. In Study 1, but not Study 2, OBEs and lucid dreams tended to be reported by the same Ss. In neither study were OBEs or lucid dreams related to frequency of dream recall. In Study 2, lucid dreams and flying dreams were found to be related. To explore the relationship between imagery and the reporting of these experiences, 2 imagery tests were used: a shortened form of Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery (Study 1) and the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control (Study 2). In neither case was there a significant relationship between imagery scores and reporting of OBEs or lucid dreams. (29 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 70-11509

TI: Lucid dreaming and alpha activity: A preliminary report.
AU: Ogilvie,-Robert-D.; et-al
IN: Brock U, St Catharines, Canada
JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1982 Dec Vol 55(3, Pt 1) 795-808
AB: 10 19-31 yr olds who had good dream recall (2 were experienced meditators and 1 was familiar with biofeedback techniques) spent 2 nights in a sleep laboratory. Ss were awakened 4 times/night from REM sleep, twice during their highest alpha activity in REM and twice during low-REM alpha. Five Ss were given alpha feedback training prior to sleep onset. Arousals from high alpha REM sleep yielded significantly higher lucidity ratings. Alpha feedback had no effect on lucidity or REM alpha levels. Data are discussed in terms of sleep and arousal theory and cognitive-phenomenological theory. Findings are in substantial agreement with the view that the closest analogous experiences to lucid dreaming may be found in the literature on meditation. (21 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 70-02892

TI:An automated technique for studying psi in home "lucid" dreams.
AU: Hearne,-Keith-M.
JN: Journal-of-the-Society-for-Psychical-Research; 1982 Jun Vol 51(791) 303-304
AB: Lucid dreams are those in which the dreamer becomes perfectly aware of being in a dream and can perform experimental tasks and observations. A method is described by which the S is able to inform a distant "agent" or "transmitter" of the onset of lucidity by initiating the operation of an automatic telephone-dialing machine through a respiratory rate monitor. (5 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 69-04617

TI: Have you ever had an OBE? The wording of the question.
AU: Blackmore,-Susan-J.
IN: U Bristol Medical School, Brain & Perception Lab, England
JN: Journal-of-the-Society-for-Psychical-Research; 1982 Jun Vol 51(791) 292-302
AB: 192 university students completed a questionnaire on out-of-body experiences (OBEs), dreaming, and other experiences. One group was given definitions and examples of the OBE and lucid dream and the other was not. 18% of the Ss claimed to have had at least 1 OBE, and 73% claimed lucid dreams. The explanations given and questions asked did not affect response rates. OBE Ss were older and more often male. Those who reported lucid and flying dreams tended to be male, but there were no age differences. OBEs, frequency of dream recall, lucid dreams, and flying dreams were all related. The introductions and questionnaire used are appended. (24 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1983 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 69-04615

TI: A "light-switch phenomenon" in lucid dreams.
AU: Hearne,-Keith-M.
IN: U Hull, England
JN: Journal-of-Mental-Imagery; 1981 Fal Vol 5(2) 97-100
AB: An extensive study of lucid dreams revealed that several persons reported difficulty in switching on an electric light in both ordinary and lucid dreams. This was followed by giving the task to 8 lucid dreamers. Six Ss reported that the light would not work properly, 1 S "couldn't find the light switch," and 1 S stated that she could perform the task but only after she had "covered" her eyes in the dream and abolished the imagery. Findings indicate that any attempt to violate the current "brightness" level of imagery in dreams results in rationalized avoidance of the planned situation. This suggests an autonomous dream-producing process that maneuvers the dream as best as possible within imagery limitations. (6 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 68-11931

TI: Effects of performing certain set tasks in the lucid-dream state.
AU: Hearne,-Keith-M.
IN: U Hull, England
JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1982 Feb Vol 54(1) 259-262
AB: 70 15-71 yr old lucid dreamers were given set tasks to perform within the lucid dream. From 16 Ss' reports, it was found that "switching on an electric light" in the lucid dream scenery was difficult. A varying ceiling level of imagery brightness was hypothesized. Difficulties were also experienced by the 9 Ss who tried to "switch on an electrical appliance." An apparent lack of coordination between the imagery modalities was noted. It is suggested that the modalities may be relatively independent in the dream and that priority of effect can shift between the imagery forms. A substitution effect was observed in the 3 Ss for whom auditory imagery was lacking at a crucial point. Four of the 6 Ss instructed to "cover or close their eyes" within their dream stated that a scene-shift resulted, another reported that the dream re-ran, and the 6th S experienced sleep paralysis. It is concluded that the various schools of dream interpretation have not taken into account that there may be certain intrinsic limitations and responses in dreams, thereby making many findings erroneous. (6 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 68-07793

TI: Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep.
AU: la-Berge,-Stephen-P.; Nagel,-Lynn-E.; Dement,-William-C.; Zarcone, -Vincent-P.
IN: Stanford U, School of Medicine, Sleep Research Ctr
JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1981 Jun Vol 52(3) 727-732
AB: Five Ss verified the occurrence of lucid dreaming by signaling such awareness during 35 dreams. The signals consisted of particular dream actions having observable concomitants and were performed in accordance with pre-sleep aggreement. It is suggested that the ability of proficient lucid dreamers to signal in this manner allows for the derivation of precise psychophysiological correlations and methodical testing of hypotheses. (15 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 67-07147

TI: Lucid dreaming as a learnable skill: A case study.
AU: la-Berge,-Stephen-P.
IN: Stanford U School of Medicine, Sleep Research Ctr
JN: Perceptual-and-Motor-Skills; 1980 Dec Vol 51(3, Pt 2) 1039-1042
AB: During a 3-yr study, the author recorded a total of 389 lucid dreams and developed a mnemonic technique for the voluntary induction of lucid dreams (MILD). Without using any induction procedure, the S reported less than 1 lucid dream/month. Using autosuggestion resulted in a range of 1-13 lucid dreams/month, with at most 2/night. MILD yielded 18-26 lucid dreams/month, with up to 4/night. (11 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 67-00442

TI: "Lucid" dreams and ESP: An initial experiment using one subject.
AU: Hearne,-Keith-M.
IN: U Liverpool, England
JN: Journal-of-the-Society-for-Psychical-Research; 1981 Feb Vol 51(787) 7-11
AB: Proposes a technique for the parapsychological investigation of REM sleep via lucid dreams. The S, a 37-yr-old male, was to signal numerals from within a lucid dream that corresponded to 4-digit numbers "transmitted" by the experimenter. Results indicate that ESP experiments may be conducted with a S in the lucid dream state. (11 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1982 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 67-00007

TI: REM sleep dreams and the activation-synthesis hypothesis.
AU: McCarley,-Robert-W.; Hoffman,-Edward
IN: Massachusetts Mental Health Ctr, Boston
JN: American-Journal-of-Psychiatry; 1981 Jul Vol 138(7) 904-912
AB: Studied 104 dreams obtained from 14 adult Ss and quantified the formal aspects of Ss' dream experiences by the following categories: movement in dreams, sensation, affect, dream bizarreness, and dream lucidity. Results provide support for the predictions of the activation-synthesis hypothesis, which postulates that the characteristic formal aspects of dreams correspond to characteristic aspects of physiological activation during REM sleep. (36 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 66-07412

TI: Dream disturbances.
AU: Kramer,-Milton
IN: U Cincinnati
JN: Psychiatric-Annals; 1979 Jul Vol 9(7) 50-68
AB: Describes 2 major classes of dream disturbances--the night terror/nightmare syndrome and dream anxiety attacks. The former occur during NREM sleep and are generally contentless, while the latter occur during REM sleep and have elaborate content. Night terror/nightmare syndromes tend to occur early in the night and are associated with confusion, heightened autonomic arousal, and partial amnesia for the event; dream anxiety attacks tend to occur later in the night and are associated with lucidity, little or no autonomic arousal, and excellent recall for the dream. Both conditions appear to respond well to benzodiazepines, drugs that suppress both slow-wave and REM sleep. (32 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 66-05916

TI: A survey of psi experiences among members of a special population.
AU: Kohr,-Richard-L.
IN: Pennsylvania Dept of Education, Div of Educational Quality Assessment, Harrisburg
JN: Journal-of-the-American-Society-for-Psychical-Research; 1980 Oct Vol 74(4) 395-411
AB: A nationwide sample of members of the Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) was surveyed in 1975-1976 regarding psi and psi-related experiences. A polling instrument developed and used by J. Palmer (see PA, Vol 63:6507) in a survey of townspeople and college students in Charlottesville, Virginia, was used. Over 400 persons responded to the ARE questionnaire. Since ARE members represent a special population of individuals attracted to such an organization because of their personal interest in psi, the high incidence of claimed psi experiences in the poll was not surprising. This atypical sample differed somewhat from Palmer's sample, which was more representative of the general population, but numerous correspondences were observed, including a tendency to report many occurrences of a particular type of experience and to have more than just 1 or 2 types of experience. Mystical experiences, dream recall, and lucid dreams were strong correlates of psi experiences, while demographic variables were not. Several internally consistent indices of psi experiences were constructed on the theory that a general psi sensitivity trait exists. These measures revealed high multiple correlations with predictor variables. The strongest correlate was a composite measure of mystical experience. (8 ref)
(PsycLIT Database Copyright 1981 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved)
AN: 66-02314

TI- INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES IN LOCUS OF CONTROL AND THE REPORTING OF LUCID DREAMING
AU- BLAGROVE, M;TUCKER, M
NA- UNIV COLL SWANSEA,DEPT PSYCHOL,SWANSEA SA2 8PP,W GLAM,WALES
JN- PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESPY- 1994VO- 16NO- 6PG- 981-984DT- Note
AB- Lucid dreaming occurs when a sleeping subject becomes aware of being in a dream, and, without waking up, maintains this awareness. This can then result in the conscious control of events or content of the dream. The present study found that high frequency lucid dreamers were significantly more internal on Rotter's Locus of Control scale than were subjects who frequently recalled ordinary, but non-lucid, dreams. There were no significant mean group differences in creativity or in performance on an embedded-figures test of field-independence.

TI- LUCID DREAMING AS METACOGNITION - IMPLICATIONS FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCE
AU- KAHAN, TL;LABERGE, S
NA- UNIV SANTA CLARA,DEPT PSYCHOL,SANTA CLARA,CA,95053 LUCID INST,PALO ALTO,CA,94306
JN- CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITIONPY- 1994VO- 3
NO- 2PG- 246-264DT- Review
AB- Evidence of reflective awareness and metacognitive monitoring during REM sleep dreaming poses a significant challenge to the commonly held view of dream cognition as necessarily deficient relative to waking cognition. To date, dream metacognition has not received the theoretical or experimental attention it deserves. As a result, discussions of dreams cognition have been underrepresented in theoretical accounts of consciousness. This paper argues for using a converging measures approach to investigate the range and limits of cognition and metacognition across the sleep-wakefulness cycle. The paradigm developed by LaBerge and his colleagues to study ''lucid-control'' dreaming offers one such framework for relating phenomenological, cognitive, and physiological measures. In a lucid-control dream, the dreamer is both aware that the experimental context is a dream (lucidity) and has the ability to intentionally regulate aspects of the dream (control). Subjects can make patterns of deliberate eye movements to signal from the dream and thus index significant events such as the time of lucidity onset and the completion of previously agreed-upon tasks in the dream. Lucid dreaming and other examples of reflective awareness during dreaming have important implications for models of human cognition. The existence of these phenomena raises fundamental questions about current assumptions regarding ''state'' constraints on consciousness and cognition (i.e., the notion that dreaming involves exclusively nonconscious processing while waking involves conscious processing) (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.

TI- TRANSPERSONAL EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD - AN EXPLORATORY EMPIRICAL-STUDY OF SELECTED ADULT GROUPS
AU- HUNT, HT;GERVAIS, A;SHEARINGJOHNS, S;TRAVIS, F
NA- BROCK UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,ST CATHARINES L2S 3A1,ONTARIO,CANADA
CARLETON UNIV,OTTAWA K1S 5B6,ONTARIO,CANADA
ONTARIO INST STUDIES EDUC,TORONTO M5S 1V6,ONTARIO,CANADA
MAHARISHI INT UNIV,MAHARISHI,INDIA
JN- PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLSPY- 1992
VO- 75NO- 3 Pt2PG- 1135-1153
AB- A questionnaire was developed to assess adult recall for a range of transpersonal experiences throughout childhood and adolescence (mystical experience, out-of-body experience, lucid dreams, archetypal dreams, ESP), as well as nightmares and night terrors as indicators of more conflicted, negative states. In two exploratory studies this questionnaire was administered to subjects with high estimated levels of early transpersonal experiences and practising meditators, with respective undergraduate controls. A cognitive skills/precocity model of early transpersonal experience was contrasted with a vulnerability of self model by comparisons of these groups on questionnaire categories, imaginative absorption, neuroticism, and visual-spatial skills, with some support found for both models depending on experience type, age of estimated recall, and adult meditative practice.

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